Phytoremediation: a sustainable environmental technology for heavy metals decontamination

Abstract Toxic metal contamination of soil is a major environmental hazard. Chemical methods for heavy metal's (HMs) decontamination such as heat treatment, electroremediation, replacement, precipitation and chemical leaching are generally very costly not be applicable to agricultural lands. However, many strategies being used restore polluted environments. Among these, phytoremediation promising method based on the use hyper-accumulator plant species that can tolerate high amounts toxic HMs present in environment/soil. Such strategy uses green plants remove, degrade, or detoxify metals. Five types technologies have often been employed decontamination: phytostabilization, phytodegradation, rhizofiltration , phytoextraction phytovolatilization . Traditional presents some limitations regarding their applications at large scale, so application genetic engineering approaches transgenic transformation, nanoparticles addition assisted with phytohormones, growth-promoting bacteria AMF inoculation has applied ameliorate efficacy candidates decontamination. In this review, aspects toxicity depollution procedures focus discussed. Last, recent innovative improving highlighted.